import numpy as np
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.dates as mdates
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.stats import norm
from sympy import Symbol, symbols, Matrix, sin, cos
from sympy import init_printing
init_printing(use_latex=True)
Wikipedia writes: In the extended Kalman filter, the state transition and observation models need not be linear functions of the state but may instead be differentiable functions.
$\boldsymbol{x}_{k} = g(\boldsymbol{x}_{k-1}, \boldsymbol{u}_{k-1}) + \boldsymbol{w}_{k-1}$
$\boldsymbol{z}_{k} = h(\boldsymbol{x}_{k}) + \boldsymbol{v}_{k}$
Where $w_k$ and $v_k$ are the process and observation noises which are both assumed to be zero mean Multivariate Gaussian noises with covariance matrix $Q$ and $R$ respectively.
The function $g$ can be used to compute the predicted state from the previous estimate and similarly the function $h$ can be used to compute the predicted measurement from the predicted state. However, $g$ and $h$ cannot be applied to the covariance directly. Instead a matrix of partial derivatives (the Jacobian matrix) is computed.
At each time step, the Jacobian is evaluated with current predicted states. These matrices can be used in the Kalman filter equations. This process essentially linearizes the non-linear function around the current estimate.
Situation covered: You have a velocity sensor, which measures the vehicle speed ($v$) in heading direction ($\psi$) and a yaw rate sensor ($\dot \psi$) which both have to fused with the position ($x$ & $y$) from a GPS sensor.
Constant Turn Rate, Constant Velocity Model for a vehicle
$$x_k= \left[ \matrix{ x \\ y \\ \psi \\ v \\ \dot\psi} \right] = \left[ \matrix{ \text{Position X} \\ \text{Position Y} \\ \text{Heading} \\ \text{Velocity} \\ \text{Yaw Rate}} \right]$$numstates=5 # States
We have different frequency of sensor readings.
dt = 1.0/50.0 # Sample Rate of the Measurements is 50Hz
dtGPS=1.0/10.0 # Sample Rate of GPS is 10Hz
vs, psis, dpsis, dts, xs, ys, lats, lons = symbols('v \psi \dot\psi T x y lat lon')
gs = Matrix([[xs+(vs/dpsis)*(sin(psis+dpsis*dts)-sin(psis))],
[ys+(vs/dpsis)*(-cos(psis+dpsis*dts)+cos(psis))],
[psis+dpsis*dts],
[vs],
[dpsis]])
state = Matrix([xs,ys,psis,vs,dpsis])
This formulas calculate how the state is evolving from one to the next time step
gs
state
gs.jacobian(state)
It has to be computed on every filter step because it consists of state variables!
To Sympy Team: A .to_python
and .to_c
and .to_matlab
whould be nice to generate code, like it already works with print latex()
.
Initialized with $0$ means you are pretty sure where the vehicle starts
P = np.diag([1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0])
print(P, P.shape)
(array([[ 1000., 0., 0., 0., 0.], [ 0., 1000., 0., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 1000., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 0., 1000., 0.], [ 0., 0., 0., 0., 1000.]]), (5, 5))
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))
im = plt.imshow(P, interpolation="none", cmap=plt.get_cmap('binary'))
plt.title('Initial Covariance Matrix $P$')
ylocs, ylabels = plt.yticks()
# set the locations of the yticks
plt.yticks(np.arange(6))
# set the locations and labels of the yticks
plt.yticks(np.arange(5),('$x$', '$y$', '$\psi$', '$v$', '$\dot \psi$'), fontsize=22)
xlocs, xlabels = plt.xticks()
# set the locations of the yticks
plt.xticks(np.arange(6))
# set the locations and labels of the yticks
plt.xticks(np.arange(5),('$x$', '$y$', '$\psi$', '$v$', '$\dot \psi$'), fontsize=22)
plt.xlim([-0.5,4.5])
plt.ylim([4.5, -0.5])
from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
divider = make_axes_locatable(plt.gca())
cax = divider.append_axes("right", "5%", pad="3%")
plt.colorbar(im, cax=cax)
plt.tight_layout()
"The state uncertainty model models the disturbances which excite the linear system. Conceptually, it estimates how bad things can get when the system is run open loop for a given period of time." - Kelly, A. (1994). A 3D state space formulation of a navigation Kalman filter for autonomous vehicles, (May). Retrieved from http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA282853
sGPS = 0.5*8.8*dt**2 # assume 8.8m/s2 as maximum acceleration, forcing the vehicle
sCourse = 0.1*dt # assume 0.1rad/s as maximum turn rate for the vehicle
sVelocity= 8.8*dt # assume 8.8m/s2 as maximum acceleration, forcing the vehicle
sYaw = 1.0*dt # assume 1.0rad/s2 as the maximum turn rate acceleration for the vehicle
Q = np.diag([sGPS**2, sGPS**2, sCourse**2, sVelocity**2, sYaw**2])
print(Q, Q.shape)
(array([[ 3.09760000e-06, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00], [ 0.00000000e+00, 3.09760000e-06, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00], [ 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 4.00000000e-06, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00], [ 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 3.09760000e-02, 0.00000000e+00], [ 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 4.00000000e-04]]), (5, 5))
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5))
im = plt.imshow(Q, interpolation="none", cmap=plt.get_cmap('binary'))
plt.title('Process Noise Covariance Matrix $Q$')
ylocs, ylabels = plt.yticks()
# set the locations of the yticks
plt.yticks(np.arange(8))
# set the locations and labels of the yticks
plt.yticks(np.arange(7),('$x$', '$y$', '$\psi$', '$v$', '$\dot \psi$'), fontsize=22)
xlocs, xlabels = plt.xticks()
# set the locations of the yticks
plt.xticks(np.arange(8))
# set the locations and labels of the yticks
plt.xticks(np.arange(7),('$x$', '$y$', '$\psi$', '$v$', '$\dot \psi$'), fontsize=22)
plt.xlim([-0.5,4.5])
plt.ylim([4.5, -0.5])
from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
divider = make_axes_locatable(plt.gca())
cax = divider.append_axes("right", "5%", pad="3%")
plt.colorbar(im, cax=cax);
#path = './../RaspberryPi-CarPC/TinkerDataLogger/DataLogs/2014/'
datafile = '2014-03-26-000-Data.csv'
date, \
time, \
millis, \
ax, \
ay, \
az, \
rollrate, \
pitchrate, \
yawrate, \
roll, \
pitch, \
yaw, \
speed, \
course, \
latitude, \
longitude, \
altitude, \
pdop, \
hdop, \
vdop, \
epe, \
fix, \
satellites_view, \
satellites_used, \
temp = np.loadtxt(datafile, delimiter=',', unpack=True,
converters={1: mdates.strpdate2num('%H%M%S%f'),
0: mdates.strpdate2num('%y%m%d')},
skiprows=1)
print('Read \'%s\' successfully.' % datafile)
# A course of 0° means the Car is traveling north bound
# and 90° means it is traveling east bound.
# In the Calculation following, East is Zero and North is 90°
# We need an offset.
course =(-course+90.0)
Read '2014-03-26-000-Data.csv' successfully.
Matrix $J_H$ is the Jacobian of the Measurement function $h$ with respect to the state. Function $h$ can be used to compute the predicted measurement from the predicted state.
If a GPS measurement is available, the following function maps the state to the measurement.
hs = Matrix([[xs],
[ys],
[vs],
[dpsis]])
hs
JHs=hs.jacobian(state)
JHs
If no GPS measurement is available, simply set the corresponding values in $J_h$ to zero.
"In practical use, the uncertainty estimates take on the significance of relative weights of state estimates and measurements. So it is not so much important that uncertainty is absolutely correct as it is that it be relatively consistent across all models" - Kelly, A. (1994). A 3D state space formulation of a navigation Kalman filter for autonomous vehicles, (May). Retrieved from http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA282853
varGPS = 6.0 # Standard Deviation of GPS Measurement
varspeed = 1.0 # Variance of the speed measurement
varyaw = 0.1 # Variance of the yawrate measurement
R = np.matrix([[varGPS**2, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
[0.0, varGPS**2, 0.0, 0.0],
[0.0, 0.0, varspeed**2, 0.0],
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, varyaw**2]])
print(R, R.shape)
(matrix([[ 3.60000000e+01, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00], [ 0.00000000e+00, 3.60000000e+01, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00], [ 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00], [ 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e-02]]), (4, 4))
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(4.5, 4.5))
im = plt.imshow(R, interpolation="none", cmap=plt.get_cmap('binary'))
plt.title('Measurement Noise Covariance Matrix $R$')
ylocs, ylabels = plt.yticks()
# set the locations of the yticks
plt.yticks(np.arange(5))
# set the locations and labels of the yticks
plt.yticks(np.arange(4),('$x$', '$y$', '$v$', '$\dot \psi$'), fontsize=22)
xlocs, xlabels = plt.xticks()
# set the locations of the yticks
plt.xticks(np.arange(5))
# set the locations and labels of the yticks
plt.xticks(np.arange(4),('$x$', '$y$', '$v$', '$\dot \psi$'), fontsize=22)
plt.xlim([-0.5,3.5])
plt.ylim([3.5, -0.5])
from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
divider = make_axes_locatable(plt.gca())
cax = divider.append_axes("right", "5%", pad="3%")
plt.colorbar(im, cax=cax);
I = np.eye(numstates)
print(I, I.shape)
(array([[ 1., 0., 0., 0., 0.], [ 0., 1., 0., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 1., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 0., 1., 0.], [ 0., 0., 0., 0., 1.]]), (5, 5))
RadiusEarth = 6378388.0 # m
arc= 2.0*np.pi*(RadiusEarth+altitude)/360.0 # m/°
dx = arc * np.cos(latitude*np.pi/180.0) * np.hstack((0.0, np.diff(longitude))) # in m
dy = arc * np.hstack((0.0, np.diff(latitude))) # in m
mx = np.cumsum(dx)
my = np.cumsum(dy)
ds = np.sqrt(dx**2+dy**2)
GPS=(ds!=0.0).astype('bool') # GPS Trigger for Kalman Filter
x = np.matrix([[mx[0], my[0], course[0]/180.0*np.pi, speed[0]/3.6+0.001, yawrate[0]/180.0*np.pi]]).T
print(x, x.shape)
U=float(np.cos(x[2])*x[3])
V=float(np.sin(x[2])*x[3])
plt.quiver(x[0], x[1], U, V)
plt.scatter(float(x[0]), float(x[1]), s=100)
plt.title('Initial Location')
plt.axis('equal')
(matrix([[ 0. ], [ 0. ], [-4.08756111], [ 0.67322222], [-0.32660346]]), (5, 1))
measurements = np.vstack((mx, my, speed/3.6, yawrate/180.0*np.pi))
# Lenth of the measurement
m = measurements.shape[1]
print(measurements.shape)
(4, 10800)
# Preallocation for Plotting
x0 = []
x1 = []
x2 = []
x3 = []
x4 = []
x5 = []
Zx = []
Zy = []
Px = []
Py = []
Pdx= []
Pdy= []
Pddx=[]
Pddy=[]
Kx = []
Ky = []
Kdx= []
Kdy= []
Kddx=[]
dstate=[]
def savestates(x, Z, P, K):
x0.append(float(x[0]))
x1.append(float(x[1]))
x2.append(float(x[2]))
x3.append(float(x[3]))
x4.append(float(x[4]))
Zx.append(float(Z[0]))
Zy.append(float(Z[1]))
Px.append(float(P[0,0]))
Py.append(float(P[1,1]))
Pdx.append(float(P[2,2]))
Pdy.append(float(P[3,3]))
Pddx.append(float(P[4,4]))
Kx.append(float(K[0,0]))
Ky.append(float(K[1,0]))
Kdx.append(float(K[2,0]))
Kdy.append(float(K[3,0]))
Kddx.append(float(K[4,0]))
for filterstep in range(m):
# Time Update (Prediction)
# ========================
# Project the state ahead
# see "Dynamic Matrix"
if np.abs(yawrate[filterstep])<0.0001: # Driving straight
x[0] = x[0] + x[3]*dt * np.cos(x[2])
x[1] = x[1] + x[3]*dt * np.sin(x[2])
x[2] = x[2]
x[3] = x[3]
x[4] = 0.0000001 # avoid numerical issues in Jacobians
dstate.append(0)
else: # otherwise
x[0] = x[0] + (x[3]/x[4]) * (np.sin(x[4]*dt+x[2]) - np.sin(x[2]))
x[1] = x[1] + (x[3]/x[4]) * (-np.cos(x[4]*dt+x[2])+ np.cos(x[2]))
x[2] = (x[2] + x[4]*dt + np.pi) % (2.0*np.pi) - np.pi
x[3] = x[3]
x[4] = x[4]
dstate.append(1)
# Calculate the Jacobian of the Dynamic Matrix A
# see "Calculate the Jacobian of the Dynamic Matrix with respect to the state vector"
a13 = float((x[3]/x[4]) * (np.cos(x[4]*dt+x[2]) - np.cos(x[2])))
a14 = float((1.0/x[4]) * (np.sin(x[4]*dt+x[2]) - np.sin(x[2])))
a15 = float((dt*x[3]/x[4])*np.cos(x[4]*dt+x[2]) - (x[3]/x[4]**2)*(np.sin(x[4]*dt+x[2]) - np.sin(x[2])))
a23 = float((x[3]/x[4]) * (np.sin(x[4]*dt+x[2]) - np.sin(x[2])))
a24 = float((1.0/x[4]) * (-np.cos(x[4]*dt+x[2]) + np.cos(x[2])))
a25 = float((dt*x[3]/x[4])*np.sin(x[4]*dt+x[2]) - (x[3]/x[4]**2)*(-np.cos(x[4]*dt+x[2]) + np.cos(x[2])))
JA = np.matrix([[1.0, 0.0, a13, a14, a15],
[0.0, 1.0, a23, a24, a25],
[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, dt],
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0],
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]])
# Project the error covariance ahead
P = JA*P*JA.T + Q
# Measurement Update (Correction)
# ===============================
# Measurement Function
hx = np.matrix([[float(x[0])],
[float(x[1])],
[float(x[3])],
[float(x[4])]])
if GPS[filterstep]: # with 10Hz, every 5th step
JH = np.matrix([[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
[0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0],
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]])
else: # every other step
JH = np.matrix([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0],
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]])
S = JH*P*JH.T + R
K = (P*JH.T) * np.linalg.inv(S)
# Update the estimate via
Z = measurements[:,filterstep].reshape(JH.shape[0],1)
y = Z - (hx) # Innovation or Residual
x = x + (K*y)
# Update the error covariance
P = (I - (K*JH))*P
# Save states for Plotting
savestates(x, Z, P, K)
def plotP():
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16,9))
plt.semilogy(range(m),Px, label='$x$')
plt.step(range(m),Py, label='$y$')
plt.step(range(m),Pdx, label='$\psi$')
plt.step(range(m),Pdy, label='$v$')
plt.step(range(m),Pddx, label='$\dot \psi$')
plt.xlabel('Filter Step')
plt.ylabel('')
plt.title('Uncertainty (Elements from Matrix $P$)')
plt.legend(loc='best',prop={'size':22})
plotP()
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
im = plt.imshow(P, interpolation="none", cmap=plt.get_cmap('binary'))
plt.title('Covariance Matrix $P$ (after %i Filter Steps)' % (m))
ylocs, ylabels = plt.yticks()
# set the locations of the yticks
plt.yticks(np.arange(6))
# set the locations and labels of the yticks
plt.yticks(np.arange(5),('$x$', '$y$', '$\psi$', '$v$', '$\dot \psi$'), fontsize=22)
xlocs, xlabels = plt.xticks()
# set the locations of the yticks
plt.xticks(np.arange(6))
# set the locations and labels of the yticks
plt.xticks(np.arange(5),('$x$', '$y$', '$\psi$', '$v$', '$\dot \psi$'), fontsize=22)
plt.xlim([-0.5,4.5])
plt.ylim([4.5, -0.5])
from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import make_axes_locatable
divider = make_axes_locatable(plt.gca())
cax = divider.append_axes("right", "5%", pad="3%")
plt.colorbar(im, cax=cax)
plt.tight_layout()
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16,9))
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),Kx, label='$x$')
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),Ky, label='$y$')
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),Kdx, label='$\psi$')
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),Kdy, label='$v$')
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),Kddx, label='$\dot \psi$')
plt.xlabel('Filter Step')
plt.ylabel('')
plt.title('Kalman Gain (the lower, the more the measurement fullfill the prediction)')
plt.legend(prop={'size':18})
plt.ylim([-0.1,0.1]);
def plotx():
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16,16))
plt.subplot(411)
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),x0-mx[0], label='$x$')
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),x1-my[0], label='$y$')
plt.title('Extended Kalman Filter State Estimates (State Vector $x$)')
plt.legend(loc='best',prop={'size':22})
plt.ylabel('Position (relative to start) [m]')
plt.subplot(412)
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),x2, label='$\psi$')
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),(course/180.0*np.pi+np.pi)%(2.0*np.pi) - np.pi, label='$\psi$ (from GPS as reference)')
plt.ylabel('Course')
plt.legend(loc='best',prop={'size':16})
plt.subplot(413)
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),x3, label='$v$')
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),speed/3.6, label='$v$ (from GPS as reference)')
plt.ylabel('Velocity')
plt.ylim([0, 30])
plt.legend(loc='best',prop={'size':16})
plt.subplot(414)
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),x4, label='$\dot \psi$')
plt.step(range(len(measurements[0])),yawrate/180.0*np.pi, label='$\dot \psi$ (from IMU as reference)')
plt.ylabel('Yaw Rate')
plt.ylim([-0.6, 0.6])
plt.legend(loc='best',prop={'size':16})
plt.xlabel('Filter Step')
plt.savefig('Extended-Kalman-Filter-CTRV-State-Estimates.png', dpi=72, transparent=True, bbox_inches='tight')
plotx()
#%pylab --no-import-all
def plotxy():
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16,9))
# EKF State
plt.quiver(x0,x1,np.cos(x2), np.sin(x2), color='#94C600', units='xy', width=0.05, scale=0.5)
plt.plot(x0,x1, label='EKF Position', c='k', lw=5)
# Measurements
plt.scatter(mx[::5],my[::5], s=50, label='GPS Measurements', marker='+')
#cbar=plt.colorbar(ticks=np.arange(20))
#cbar.ax.set_ylabel(u'EPE', rotation=270)
#cbar.ax.set_xlabel(u'm')
# Start/Goal
plt.scatter(x0[0],x1[0], s=60, label='Start', c='g')
plt.scatter(x0[-1],x1[-1], s=60, label='Goal', c='r')
plt.xlabel('X [m]')
plt.ylabel('Y [m]')
plt.title('Position')
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.axis('equal')
#plt.tight_layout()
#plt.savefig('Extended-Kalman-Filter-CTRV-Position.png', dpi=72, transparent=True, bbox_inches='tight')
plotxy()
def plotxydetails():
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,9))
plt.subplot(221)
# EKF State
#plt.quiver(x0,x1,np.cos(x2), np.sin(x2), color='#94C600', units='xy', width=0.05, scale=0.5)
plt.plot(x0,x1, label='EKF Position', c='g', lw=5)
# Measurements
plt.scatter(mx[::5],my[::5], s=50, label='GPS Measurements', alpha=0.5, marker='+')
#cbar=plt.colorbar(ticks=np.arange(20))
#cbar.ax.set_ylabel(u'EPE', rotation=270)
#cbar.ax.set_xlabel(u'm')
plt.xlabel('X [m]')
plt.xlim(70, 130)
plt.ylabel('Y [m]')
plt.ylim(140, 200)
plt.title('Position')
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.subplot(222)
# EKF State
#plt.quiver(x0,x1,np.cos(x2), np.sin(x2), color='#94C600', units='xy', width=0.05, scale=0.5)
plt.plot(x0,x1, label='EKF Position', c='g', lw=5)
# Measurements
plt.scatter(mx[::5],my[::5], s=50, label='GPS Measurements', alpha=0.5, marker='+')
#cbar=plt.colorbar(ticks=np.arange(20))
#cbar.ax.set_ylabel(u'EPE', rotation=270)
#cbar.ax.set_xlabel(u'm')
plt.xlabel('X [m]')
plt.xlim(160, 260)
plt.ylabel('Y [m]')
plt.ylim(110, 160)
plt.title('Position')
plt.legend(loc='best')
plotxydetails()
As you can see, complicated analytic calculation of the Jacobian Matrices, but it works pretty well.
latekf = latitude[0] + np.divide(x1,arc)
lonekf = longitude[0]+ np.divide(x0,np.multiply(arc,np.cos(latitude*np.pi/180.0)))
Coordinates and timestamps to be used to locate the car model in time and space The value can be expressed as yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:sszzzzzz, where T is the separator between the date and the time, and the time zone is either Z (for UTC) or zzzzzz, which represents ±hh:mm in relation to UTC.
import datetime
car={}
car['when']=[]
car['coord']=[]
car['gps']=[]
for i in range(len(millis)):
d=datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(millis[i]/1000.0)
car["when"].append(d.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"))
car["coord"].append((lonekf[i], latekf[i], 0))
car["gps"].append((longitude[i], latitude[i], 0))
from simplekml import Kml, Model, AltitudeMode, Orientation, Scale, Style, Color
# The model path and scale variables
car_dae = r'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/balzer82/Kalman/master/car-model.dae'
car_scale = 1.0
# Create the KML document
kml = Kml(name=d.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"), open=1)
# Create the model
model_car = Model(altitudemode=AltitudeMode.clamptoground,
orientation=Orientation(heading=75.0),
scale=Scale(x=car_scale, y=car_scale, z=car_scale))
# Create the track
trk = kml.newgxtrack(name="EKF", altitudemode=AltitudeMode.clamptoground,
description="State Estimation from Extended Kalman Filter with CTRV Model")
# Attach the model to the track
trk.model = model_car
trk.model.link.href = car_dae
# Add all the information to the track
trk.newwhen(car["when"])
trk.newgxcoord(car["coord"])
# Style of the Track
trk.iconstyle.icon.href = ""
trk.labelstyle.scale = 1
trk.linestyle.width = 4
trk.linestyle.color = '7fff0000'
# Add GPS measurement marker
fol = kml.newfolder(name="GPS Measurements")
sharedstyle = Style()
sharedstyle.iconstyle.icon.href = 'http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/shapes/placemark_circle.png'
for m in range(len(latitude)):
if GPS[m]:
pnt = fol.newpoint(coords = [(longitude[m],latitude[m])])
pnt.style = sharedstyle
# Saving
#kml.save("Extended-Kalman-Filter-CTRV.kml")
kml.savekmz("Extended-Kalman-Filter-CTRV.kmz")
print('Exported KMZ File for Google Earth')
Exported KMZ File for Google Earth
To use this notebook as a presentation type:
jupyter-nbconvert --to slides Extended-Kalman-Filter-CTRV.ipynb --reveal-prefix=reveal.js --post serve
Questions? @Balzer82