There are many libraries for audio playback and/or recording available for Python. They greatly differ in features, API, requirements, quality, ...
This is just a random selection.
See also https://wiki.python.org/moin/Audio and https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonInMusic.
low-level wrapper for PortAudio functions via CFFI
uses PortAudio and FFmpeg (including libswresample) via a C++ extension module
doesn't seem to work on Python 3
uses PortAudio and libsndfile via ctypes
uses NumPy
Last activity 2013
http://www.medussa.us
https://code.google.com/p/medussa/
Don't confuse it with https://pypi.python.org/pypi/medusa/ or https://github.com/rahul080327/medusa, which are totally different things.
not available anymore: https://github.com/ranweiler/py-portaudio
very old ... http://freenet.mcnabhosting.com/python/pyPortAudio/
DirectSound on Windows, ALSA on Linux, OpenAL on Windows/Linux/MacOSX:
http://www.pyglet.org/doc/programming_guide/audio_drivers.html
Debian package: python-pyglet
Many codecs supported with AVbin.
Debian package: libavbin0 and/or libavbin-dev?
http://python-sfml.org/examples.html
Debian packages python-sfml and python3-sfml.
Uses OpenAL Soft for playback/recording and libsndfile for audio file handling.
Depends on Tkinter
http://www.speech.kth.se/snack/
http://www.speech.kth.se/snack/man/snack2.2/python-man.html
Debian package: libsnack2-alsa
no new releases since December 2005!
standard Python lib to manipulate raw audio data
Pure Python, cross platform, single function module with no dependencies for playing sounds.
uses windll.winmm, AppKit.NSSound, ossaudiodev
https://www.music.mcgill.ca/~gary/rtaudio/
(outdated?) Python bindings: https://github.com/thestk/rtaudio/tree/master/contrib/python/pyrtaudio