ionize is a Python module for calculating the properties of ions in aqueous solution.
To load the library, simply import ionize.
from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import, division
import ionize
# We'll also import numpy to set up some of our inputs.
# And pprint to prettily print some lists.
import numpy
import pprint
# And set up inline plotting.
from matplotlib.pyplot import *
%matplotlib inline
# Prettify numpy printing
numpy.set_printoptions(precision=3)
The basic building block of an ionize simulation is an ionic species, modeled by the Ion class. Call ionize.Ion(name, z, pKa, absolute_mobility). name is the name of the ion, typically as a string. z is a list containing the charge states of the ion. pKa is a list of the pKas of the charge states, with the same order as the list z. absolute_mobility is a list containing the absolute, infinite dilution mobilities of each charge state, ordered the same as the other two lists, in units of m2V-1s-1.
# Initialize an ion and print it.
acid = ionize.Ion('myAcid', [-1], [5], [-25e-9])
base = ionize.Ion('myBase', [1], [8], [20e-9])
print(acid) # The string includes only the class and name.
print(repr(base)) # The representation contains enough information to reconstruct the ion.
Ion('myAcid') Ion(alias=None, nightingale_data=None, reference_temperature=25.0, name='myBase', molecular_weight=None, valence=[1], reference_mobility=[2e-08], heat_capacity=None, reference_pKa=[8.0], enthalpy=None)
Once an ion species is initialized, you can call the properties of the ion, typically as a function of pH, ionic strength, and temperature, in that order.
print('myAcid Ka at (I=0 M) =', acid.acidity())
print('myAcid Ka at (I=0.5 M) =', acid.acidity(ionic_strength=0.5))
pH = numpy.linspace(0,14)
for I in [None, 0., 0.001, 0.01, 0.1]:
mu = [base.mobility(p, I) for p in pH]
if I is not None:
label = 'I={} M'.format(I)
else:
label = 'I=None'
plot(pH, mu, label=label)
xlabel('pH'); xlim(0, 14)
ylabel('effective mobility (m^2/v/s)'); ylim(-.1e-8, 2.1e-8)
legend()
show()
myAcid Ka at (I=0 M) = [ 1.001e-05] myAcid Ka at (I=0.5 M) = [ 1.781e-05]
/home/lewis/Documents/github/ionize/ionize/Ion/mobility.py:43: UserWarning: Insufficient information for Onsager-Fuoss correction to mobility. Returning the Robinson-Stokes approximation. warnings.warn("Insufficient information for Onsager-Fuoss "
Note the difference between ionic_strength parameters here. If ionic_strength is 0, the numerical value of 0 is used in each calculation. However, it is impossible to have a solution of pH 0 with ionic_strength of 0.
When the default value of None is used for ionic_strength, ionize uses the minimum ionic strength at the selected pH.
Individually initializing ions is error-prone and time-consuming. To simplify the process, load ions from the database by initializing the database, and accessing the database like a dictionary.
db = ionize.Database()
histidine = db['histidine']
print(repr(histidine))
for ionic_strength in (None, 0):
mu_histidine = [histidine.mobility(p, ionic_strength=ionic_strength) for p in pH]
plot(pH, mu_histidine, label="I={}".format(ionic_strength))
xlabel('pH'); xlim([0, 14])
ylabel('effective mobility (m^2/v/s)')
legend()
show()
Ion(alias=None, nightingale_data=None, reference_temperature=25.0, name='histidine', molecular_weight=155.15, valence=[-1, 1, 2], reference_mobility=[-2.8300000000000002e-08, 2.8800000000000003e-08, 4.47e-08], heat_capacity=[-233.0, 176.0, 0.0], reference_pKa=[9.33, 6.04, 2.0], enthalpy=[43800.0, 29500.0, 3600.0])
/home/lewis/Documents/github/ionize/ionize/Ion/mobility.py:43: UserWarning: Insufficient information for Onsager-Fuoss correction to mobility. Returning the Robinson-Stokes approximation. warnings.warn("Insufficient information for Onsager-Fuoss "
You can also search for ions in the database by name using Database().search(). Call it by specifying a search_string. search() will print the names of all ions that contain the search_string. search will not return a list of strings, so load the ion when you find what you want.
print("Search results for 'amino'\n--------------------------")
pprint.pprint(db.search('amino'))
print("\nSearch results for 'chloric'\n----------------------------")
pprint.pprint(db.search('chloric'))
print("\nSearch results for 'per'\n------------------------")
pprint.pprint(db.search('per'))
print('\nOh, copper is what I was looking for.')
print(db.load('copper'))
Search results for 'amino' -------------------------- ('2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol', 'e-aminocaproic acid', 'gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'o-aminobenzoic acid', 'p-aminobenzoic acid') Search results for 'chloric' ---------------------------- ('chloric acid', 'hydrochloric acid', 'perchloric acid') Search results for 'per' ------------------------ ('copper', 'diperodone', 'perchloric acid', 'periodic acid', 'permanganic acid', 'peroxysulfuric acid', 'perrhenic acid', 'piperidine') Oh, copper is what I was looking for. Ion('copper')
You can get the database data as a dictionary using the data method.
print(len(db.data), 'ions in database.')
522 ions in database.
Getting the properties of a single ionic species in solution is useful, but the real challenge of dealing with aqueous solutions of ions is finding properties based on the equilibrium state of multiple ionic species. ionize can perform those calculations using the Solution class. Solution objects are initialized using ionize.Solution(ions, concentrations), where ions is a list of Ion objects and concentration is a list concentrations of the ions, with concentrations in molar.
hcl=database.load('hydrochloric acid')
tris=database.load('tris')
buffer=ionize.Solution([tris, hcl], [0.1, 0.085])
print 'pH =', buffer.pH
print 'I =', buffer.ionic_strength, 'M'
print 'conductivity =', buffer.conductivity(), 'S/m'
print 'buffering capacity =', buffer.buffering_capacity(), 'M'
print 'debye length =', buffer.debye(), 'm'
File "<ipython-input-7-3ec72e740f06>", line 5 print 'pH =', buffer.pH ^ SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'
Solutions can be initialized with ion names instead of ions. If so, the Solution calls load_ion to determine the ion identities.
print [ion.name for ion in ionize.Solution(['bis-tris', 'acetic acid'], [0.1, 0.03]).ions]
print ionize.Solution(['bis-tris', 'acetic acid'], [0.1, 0.03]).concentration(database.load('acetic acid'))
We can iterate through solutions to quickly calculate the pH of a titration between two ions
c_tris = 0.1
c_hcl = numpy.linspace(0.0, 0.2, 50)
t_pH = [ionize.Solution(['tris', 'hydrochloric acid'], [c_tris, c_h], temperature=25).pH for c_h in c_hcl]
plot(c_hcl/c_tris, t_pH)
xlabel('[HCl]/[Tris]')
ylabel('pH')
show()
A Solution can also be initialized without ions, e.g. as water.
water = ionize.Solution()
print 'I =', water.ionic_strength, 'M'
print 'pH =', water.pH
print 'conductivity =', water.conductivity(), 'S/m'
A Solution can also be added and multiplied through operator overloading. This can be useful when calculating the results of diltuions, as below.
print 'Stock:', buffer
dilution = 0.5 * buffer + 0.5 * water
print 'Dilution:', dilution
Solutions can be titrated to a specified pH. To do so, make a solution, and then specify a titrant, a property, and a target.
buff = ionize.Solution([tris], 0.1)
print buff.titrate('hydrochloric acid', 8.2)
print buff.titrate('hydrochloric acid', 3)
print buff.conductivity()
print repr(buff.titrate('hydrochloric acid', 3, titration_property = 'conductivity'))
print repr(buff.titrate('hydrochloric acid', 8))
Both Ion objects and Solution objects take T as an optional argument for temperature. Temperature should be specified in degrees C.
Ion objects adjust their absolute mobility and pKa attributes based on temperature. They also make adjustments to their ionic strength correction algorithms based on temperature. The type of temperature adjustment data depends on the specific ion. For small ions, emperical data from literature is included. For organic molecules, ΔH and ΔCp values may be provided. All ions also correct their mobilities for viscosity.
silver = database.load('silver')
tris = database.load('tris')
T = numpy.linspace(20.0, 80.0)
mu_silver = [silver.absolute_mobility(Tp) for Tp in T]
mu_tris = [tris.absolute_mobility(Tp) for Tp in T]
pKa_silver = [silver.pKa(0, Tp) for Tp in T]
pKa_tris = [tris.pKa(0, Tp) for Tp in T]
figure()
plot(T, mu_silver, label = 'Silver')
plot(T, mu_tris, label = 'Tris')
legend(loc = 'upper left')
xlabel('Temperature ($^{\circ}$C)'); ylabel('Absolute mobility ($m^2V^{-1}s^{-1}$)')
show()
figure()
plot(T, pKa_silver, label = 'Silver')
plot(T, pKa_tris, label = 'Tris')
legend(loc = 'lower left')
xlabel('Temperature ($^{\circ}$C)'); ylabel('pKa')
show()
Solution objects send their temperature correction parameters to the object that they contain. In addition, they use the temperature input to correct their ionic strength correction parameters.
buffer_ref = ionize.Solution(['tris', 'hydrochloric acid'], [.200, .100], temperature=25.)
mu_ref = buffer_ref.ions[1].mobility()
mup = []
pH = []
I = []
mu=[]
cond = []
for Tp in T:
buffer = ionize.Solution([tris, hcl], [.200, .100], temperature=Tp)
mu.append(buffer.ions[1].mobility())
mup.append(buffer.ions[1].mobility()/mu_ref)
pH.append(buffer.pH)
I.append(buffer.ionic_strength)
cond.append(buffer.conductivity())
# mup.append(hcl.nightingale_function(Tp))
cond_norm = [c / cond[0] for c in cond]
figure()
plot(T, pH); xlabel('Temperature ($^{\circ}$C)'); ylabel('pH')
show()
figure()
plot(T, mup, label='chloride'); xlabel('Temperature ($^{\circ}$C)'); ylabel('$\mu$(T)/$\mu$(T$_o$)'); legend(loc='upper left')
show()
Conservation functions are spatially invariant quantities that remain constant as a solution undergoes electrophoresis. They are useful in calculating ion concentrations in zones formed during electrophoresis.
The most basic conservation function is the KRF. This function is only valid for strongly ionized species, when water dissociation doesn't play a strong role. Solutions can calculate their own KRF values. They throw a warning if they contain species that are not strongly ionized.
saltwater = ionize.Solution(['sodium', 'hydrochloric acid'], [0.1, 0.1])
print saltwater.kohlrausch()
print buffer_ref.ions
print buffer_ref.kohlrausch()
The Alberty conservation function is useful for weakly ionized monovalent species, when water dissocation doesn't play a strong role.
tcap = ionize.Solution(['tris', 'caproic acid'], [0.1, 0.05])
print tcap.alberty()
tcit = ionize.Solution(['tris', 'citric acid'], [0.1, 0.05])
print tcit.alberty()
The Jovin conservation function is applicable under the same conditions that the Alberty conservation function is. It is often used as a compliment.
print tcap.jovin()
print tcit.jovin()
print tcap.gas()
print tcit.gas()
You can also save and load ions and solutions in JSON format.
# %load_ext snakeviz
# %%snakeviz
# database = ionize.Database()
# pH = np.linspace(0, 14)
# for ion in database:
# for p in pH:
# ion.mobility(p)
database
import itertools
concentrations = np.linspace(0, 0.14)
ref_mob = 50.e-9
z = [1, 2]
for zp, zm in itertools.product(z, repeat=2):
positive_ion = ionize.Ion('positive', [zp], [14], [ref_mob])
negative_ion = ionize.Ion('negative', [-zm], [0], [-ref_mob])
mob = []
i = []
for c in concentrations:
sol = ionize.Solution([positive_ion, negative_ion], [c/zp, c/zm])
mob.append(sol.ions[0].actual_mobility() / ref_mob )
i.append(sol.ionic_strength)
plot(i, mob, label='-{}:{}'.format(zm, zp))
ylim(0, 1)
# xlim(0, .14)
legend(loc='lower left')
xlabel('Concentration (M)')
ylabel('$\mu$/$\mu_o$')
show()