a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
b[1] = 4
print(a)
print(b)

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = list(a)
b[1] = 4
print(a)
print(b) 

a = [1, [2, 3]]
b = list(a)
b[1][0] = 4
print(a)
print(b) 

import copy
a = [1, [2, 3]]
b = copy.copy(a)
b[1][0] = 4
print(a)
print(b) 

import copy
a = [1, [2, 3]]
b = copy.deepcopy(a)
b[1][0] = 4
print(a)
print(b) 

import math

def sample_function(t):
    if t < -2:
        return -2
    elif -2 <= t < 0:
        return t
    elif t == 0:
        return 0
    else:
        return t * math.sin(1 / t)

sample_function(-5)

sample_function(-1)

sample_function(0)

sample_function(1)

%pylab inline

t = arange(-5, 5, 0.01)

grid()
plot(t, list(map(sample_function, t)))

x = 1 if True else 2
x

x = 1 if False else 2
x

a = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

for x in a:
    for y in x:
        print(y)

for x, y in a:
    print(x, y)

def f(a, b, c):
    print(a, b, c, sep=", ")

f(1, 2, 3)

f(1, c=3, b=2)

a = [1, 2, 3]

f(a)

f(*a)

a = [2, 3]

f(1, *a)

d = {'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'a': 1}

f(**d)

def f(a, b=2, c=3):
    print(a, b, c, sep=", ")

f(1)

f(1, 4)

f(1, 4, 5)

def f(a, b=[]):
    b.append(a)
    print(b)

f(1)

f(2)

f(3)

def f(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args, kwargs, sep=", ")

f(1, 2, 3, x=4, y=5)

name = 'Alice'

"Hello, {0}".format(name)

"Hello, {}".format(name)

name1 = 'Bob'
name2 = 'Malory'

"Hello, {} and {}".format(name1, name2)

"{0}cad{0}".format("abra")

"{0.real} + {0.imag}i".format(1 + 2j)

"Hello, {name}".format(name="Guido")

"Hello, {name[0]} and {name[1]}".format(name=["Jack", "Jill"])

a = 1
b = 2
"{a} + {b} = {}".format(a + b, **locals())