def multiply2(x):
    """Multiply by two"""
    return x * 2

def divide(numerator, denominator):
    pass

multiply2(4)

divide(1, 0) is None

def func0(x):
    return

def func1(x):
    return None

def func2(x):
    y = x**x

x = 2
print func0(x) == func1(x) == func2(x) == None

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

def fun(a, b, func):
    return func(a, b)

fun('c','d', add)

def divide(numerator, denominator):
    pass

divide(4, 2)  # return 2

divide(4, 0)  # print Divide a number with 0 is not a valid operation!

divide(1,'a') # print Not a valid parameter!



def summatory(*args):
    result = 0
    for num in args:
        result += num
    return result

summatory(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

summatory(*range(1, 6))

range(1, 6)  # start, stop, step

def multiply(number, mult=2):
    return number * mult

multiply(4)

multiply('a')

multiply('a', 6)

multiply('a', mult=8)

def contact(**kargs):
    for key, val in kargs.items():
        print "%s => %r" % (key, val)

contact(pietro=33312388, john=2345678)

args_kargs(1,2,'a',[1,2,3], key='value', other='ciao')

def args_kargs(*args, **kargs):
    pass

def summ_mult(list_of_tuple):
    # define a new function inside
    def summ(tupl):
        res = 0
        for x in tupl:
            res += x
        return res
    
    result = 1
    for el in list_of_tuple:
        result *= summ(el)
    return result

summ_mult([(1,2,3), (4,5,6)])

def use_yield(*args):
    for a in args:
        yield a * 2

use_yield(1, 2, 3, 4, 'a')

[i for i in use_yield(1, 2, 3, 4, 'a')]

usy = use_yield(1, 2, 3, 4, 'a')

usy.next()

str(2.8)

range(1,10,2)

xrange(1,10,2)

[i for i in xrange(1,10,2)]

len([1, 2, 3, 4])  # return the lenght of an object

names = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five']
values = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
zip(names, values)  # return a list of pairs

for name, value in zip(names, values):
    print '%5s = %d' % (name, value)

dir('a')  # return all the attributes of an object

VERBOSE = True

def verbose(func):
    def wrapper(*args):
        if VERBOSE:
            print "Before to execute: %s" % func.func_name
        result = func(*args)
        if VERBOSE:
            print "After the execution: %s" % func.func_name
        return result
    return wrapper

verbose(multiply2)(1)

VERBOSE = True # try to change

@verbose
def mult(*args):
    result = args[0]
    for i in args[1:]:
        result *= i
    return result

mult(1, 2, 3, 4)

import time

def timeit(function):
    def timed(*args, **kargs):
        # do something before
        time_start = time.time()
        # execute the function
        result = function(*args, **kargs)
        # do something after
        time_end = time.time()
        print 'name=%r (args=%r, kargs=%r) processing time=%10.8f sec' % (function.__name__, args, kargs, time_end - time_start)
        return result

    return timed

timeit(multiply2)(2)

@timeit
def mult(*args):
    result = 1
    for a in args:
        result *= a
    return result

mult(1,2,3,4)