#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8

# In[1]:


import numpy as np
np.random.seed(12345)
np.set_printoptions(precision=4, suppress=True)


# In[2]:


import numpy as np
data = [np.random.standard_normal() for i in range(7)]
data


# In[3]:


a = [1, 2, 3]


# In[4]:


b = a
b


# In[5]:


a.append(4)
b


# In[6]:


def append_element(some_list, element):
    some_list.append(element)


# In[7]:


data = [1, 2, 3]
append_element(data, 4)
data


# In[8]:


a = 5
type(a)
a = "foo"
type(a)


# In[9]:


"5" + 5


# In[10]:


a = 4.5
b = 2
# String formatting, to be visited later
print(f"a is {type(a)}, b is {type(b)}")
a / b


# In[11]:


a = 5
isinstance(a, int)


# In[12]:


a = 5; b = 4.5
isinstance(a, (int, float))
isinstance(b, (int, float))


# In[13]:


a = "foo"


# In[14]:


getattr(a, "split")


# In[15]:


def isiterable(obj):
    try:
        iter(obj)
        return True
    except TypeError: # not iterable
        return False


# In[16]:


isiterable("a string")
isiterable([1, 2, 3])
isiterable(5)


# In[17]:


5 - 7
12 + 21.5
5 <= 2


# In[18]:


a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
c = list(a)
a is b
a is not c


# In[19]:


a == c


# In[20]:


a = None
a is None


# In[21]:


a_list = ["foo", 2, [4, 5]]
a_list[2] = (3, 4)
a_list


# In[22]:


a_tuple = (3, 5, (4, 5))
a_tuple[1] = "four"


# In[23]:


ival = 17239871
ival ** 6


# In[24]:


fval = 7.243
fval2 = 6.78e-5


# In[25]:


3 / 2


# In[26]:


3 // 2


# In[27]:


c = """
This is a longer string that
spans multiple lines
"""


# In[28]:


c.count("\n")


# In[29]:


a = "this is a string"
a[10] = "f"


# In[30]:


b = a.replace("string", "longer string")
b


# In[31]:


a


# In[32]:


a = 5.6
s = str(a)
print(s)


# In[33]:


s = "python"
list(s)
s[:3]


# In[34]:


s = "12\\34"
print(s)


# In[35]:


s = r"this\has\no\special\characters"
s


# In[36]:


a = "this is the first half "
b = "and this is the second half"
a + b


# In[37]:


template = "{0:.2f} {1:s} are worth US${2:d}"


# In[38]:


template.format(88.46, "Argentine Pesos", 1)


# In[39]:


amount = 10
rate = 88.46
currency = "Pesos"
result = f"{amount} {currency} is worth US${amount / rate}"


# In[40]:


f"{amount} {currency} is worth US${amount / rate:.2f}"


# In[41]:


val = "español"
val


# In[42]:


val_utf8 = val.encode("utf-8")
val_utf8
type(val_utf8)


# In[43]:


val_utf8.decode("utf-8")


# In[44]:


val.encode("latin1")
val.encode("utf-16")
val.encode("utf-16le")


# In[45]:


True and True
False or True


# In[46]:


int(False)
int(True)


# In[47]:


a = True
b = False
not a
not b


# In[48]:


s = "3.14159"
fval = float(s)
type(fval)
int(fval)
bool(fval)
bool(0)


# In[49]:


a = None
a is None
b = 5
b is not None


# In[50]:


from datetime import datetime, date, time
dt = datetime(2011, 10, 29, 20, 30, 21)
dt.day
dt.minute


# In[51]:


dt.date()
dt.time()


# In[52]:


dt.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")


# In[53]:


datetime.strptime("20091031", "%Y%m%d")


# In[54]:


dt_hour = dt.replace(minute=0, second=0)
dt_hour


# In[55]:


dt


# In[56]:


dt2 = datetime(2011, 11, 15, 22, 30)
delta = dt2 - dt
delta
type(delta)


# In[57]:


dt
dt + delta


# In[58]:


a = 5; b = 7
c = 8; d = 4
if a < b or c > d:
    print("Made it")


# In[59]:


4 > 3 > 2 > 1


# In[60]:


for i in range(4):
    for j in range(4):
        if j > i:
            break
        print((i, j))


# In[61]:


range(10)
list(range(10))


# In[62]:


list(range(0, 20, 2))
list(range(5, 0, -1))


# In[63]:


seq = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for i in range(len(seq)):
    print(f"element {i}: {seq[i]}")


# In[64]:


total = 0
for i in range(100_000):
    # % is the modulo operator
    if i % 3 == 0 or i % 5 == 0:
        total += i
print(total)


# In[65]: